A Guide to Dalailul Khayrat

Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim (Select your preferred language at the top right of this page.) The recitation of Dalailul Khayrat is a daily practice [awrad/wazifa] of our beautiful Naqshbandi Way. People of these end of times, would rather spend their time in useless activities like reading the newspapers and watching movies, whilst leaving the reading of … Read more

A Collection of Resources

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم The Prophet ﷺ says, Everyone’s book is closed after death, except for three persons. The first is a man who was guiding people on the right way by his writings. As long as people are taking instruction through them, mercy is upon him, his book not closed. The second is a … Read more

Follow One ﷺ Only

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: ‘إِنَّ الدِّينَ عِندَ اللَّهِ الْإِسْلَامُ’, ‘Inna d-Dīna inda Allāhi l-Islām’, ‘Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam.’ (Qur’ān 03:19). Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: ‘قُلْ إِن كُنتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللَّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللَّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ’, ‘Qul in kuntum tuhibbuna Llāha fāttabi‘ūnī yuhbibkumu Llāh wa-yaghfir lakum dhunūbakum’, ‘Say, [O Muhammad], … Read more

Give Happiness to Believers’ Hearts

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Our Prophet ṣallá Llāhu alayhi wa sallam says that the most beloved of deeds is to bring joy to the heart of the believer. “إِدْخَالُ السُّرُورِ في قَلْبِ الْمُؤْمِنِ”, “Idkhālu s-surūr fi l-qalbi l-Mumin”, “Bringing joy to the heart of the believer.” To give happiness to the heart of a believer. … Read more

Allāh ﷻ Forgives but Ask Forgiveness

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ” (Qur’ān 05:39) “Inna Allāha GhafūrunRaĥīmun” “Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.” May Allāh ﷻ forgive us all, in shā’a Llāh. We say Shukr to Allāh ﷻ. He ﷻ is The Most Forgiving. It is one of the greatest favors that everyone must be thankful for. No matter … Read more

Pay Attention to Sunnah Prayers

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is saying, “You must love what I love, and you mustn’t love what I don’t love.” This is what Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is saying. And he ﷺ said that the most beloved thing for him ﷺ is praying, Ṣalāt. This is what he ﷺ … Read more

How Will You Face Your Grandfather ﷺ?

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm AlhamduliLlah, we are approaching Ramadan. Shahr ul-Ghufran, the month of forgiveness, of every good thing. And to forget every bad thing insha’Allah in this dunyā. All days, months, years are for Allāh ‘Azza wa-Jalla. But some months are more praised, give you more happiness. The month of Ramadan is the (most) … Read more

All Knowledge Is from Allāh ﷻ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “عَلَّمَ الْإِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ” (Qur’ān 96:05) “A’llama l-‘Insāna Mā Lam Ya’lam” “Taught man that which he knew not.” Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allāh Azza wa Jalla is saying, Allāh ﷻ gave every knowledge to human beings. He ﷻ teaches him what he doesn’t know. He ﷻ shows him what he doesn’t … Read more

Pronounce the Shahādah Correctly

A‘ūdhu biLlāhi mina sh-shayṭāni r-rajīm. Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: “لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ“ (Qur’ān 33:21) “Laqad Kāna Lakum Fī Rasūli Llāhi ‘Uswatun Hasana” ‘There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah an excellent example.” Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allāh Azza wa Jalla says in Qur’ān Azīmu sh-Sha’n, the best … Read more

Keep Your Promise

A’ūdhu biLlāhi mina sh-shayṭāni r-rajīm. Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: “أَوْفُوا بِالْعُقُودِ”, “Wa ‘Awfu bil Uqūd”, “Fulfill (your) obligations.” (Qur’an 05:01) Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allāh ‘Azza wa-Jalla says, what you promise, you must do. You must do it. Especially, if you want to make something with other people, you must accept and not say, “I didn’t … Read more

Many Muslims But of No Value

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm In shā’a Llāh we make ṣuḥbah with our Muslim brothers. We are, in shā’a Llāh, asking Allāh ʿAzza wa Jalla to bless you. As Ḥaḍrati Abū Bakr said, may Allāh ﷻ make what they said to be, in shā’a Llāh. We are not claiming anything but, in shā’a Llāh, may Allāh … Read more

Welcoming Ramadhan Kareem

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “These three months are blessed months. Especially, the month of Ramadhan. Allah ‘Azza wa Jalla granted more beauties to it, as it is the month of the Ummah. Wherever you are, you feel that beauty, everywhere.” – Mawlana Shaykh Muhammadق 1) At Azan Maghrib tomorrow night (Saturday, 1st March), we enter … Read more

On Differentiating Between Prophets

A’ūdhu biLlāhi mina sh-shayṭāni r-rajīm. Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: “لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍ مِّن رُّسُلِه” (Qur’an 02:253) “Lā nufarriqu bayna aḥadin min rusulihi” “We make no distinction between any of His messengers.” Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. This āyah from Sūratu l-Baqarah means we are not making any difference between prophets; all prophets. All of them are … Read more

Attacks on Allāh’s ﷻ Sulṭānate

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm وَالَّذِينَ آمَنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ أُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الصِّدِّيقُونَ ۖ وَالشُّهَدَاءُ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ لَهُمْ أَجْرُهُمْ وَنُورُهُم (Qur’ān 57:19) ‘Wa l-Ladhīna ‘Āmanū Bi-Llāhi Wa Rusulihi, ‘Ūlā’ika Humu s-Siddīqūna Wa sh-Shuhadā’u ‘Inda Rabbihim Lahum ‘Ajruhum Wa Nūruhum’ ‘And those who have believed in Allah and His messengers – those are [in the ranks of] the … Read more

Cheaters Buying Dunyā with Ākhirah

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm ‘الَّذِينَ يَشْرُونَ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا بِالْآخِرَةِ’ (Qur’ān 04:74) ‘Al-Ladhīna Yashrūna Al-Ĥayāata Ad-Dunyā Bil-‘Ākhirati’ ‘Who sell the life of this world for the Hereafter.’ Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allāh Azza wa Jalla says, there are people who buy this dunyā, meaning the benefit of life with the benefit of ākhirah. Ākhirah must be bought … Read more

Terawih Prayers

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Do not reduce terawih prayer to 8 rakaats, do 20. In this Sobhah, which is also translated into English, Shaykh Muhammadق speaks of the great blessings of: 1) Striving our utmost in this month to become close to Allah, this month is a priceless gift to the Ummah of Rasulullahﷺ. 2) … Read more

The Majority Are in Ḍalāl

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm ‘وَإِن تُطِعْ أَكْثَرَ مَن فِي الْأَرْضِ يُضِلُّوكَ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ’ (Qur’ān 06:116) ‘Wa in tuti’ ‘akthara man fī l-‘ardi yudillūka a’n sabīli Llāh’ ‘And if you obey most of those upon the earth, they will mislead you from the way of Allah.’ Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allāh Azza wa Jalla is saying, … Read more

Advice For A Blessed Ramadhan

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In Loving Memory of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan – Ramadhan Series Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 12 March 2023: •⁠ ⁠Allah ﷻ created the Mind and Ego to lead us in different directions – one … Read more

Know the Value of Ramadhan

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In Loving Memory of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan – Ramadhan Series Here is a synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 7 April 2022: When Sayyidah Aisha (RadhiAllahu anha) asked the Prophet ﷺ, “O Messenger of Allah, if it is … Read more

Value of Time in Ramadhan

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In Loving Memory of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan – Ramadhan Series Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 14 April 2022: وَلَوْ تَرَىٰٓ إِذِ ٱلْمُجْرِمُونَ نَاكِسُوا۟ رُءُوسِهِمْ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ رَبَّنَآ أَبْصَرْنَا وَسَمِعْنَا فَٱرْجِعْنَا نَعْمَلْ صَـٰلِحًا إِنَّا … Read more

Don’t Intend Hypocrisy in Building Mosques

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm We are thanking our guests; they host us and they praised. Insha’Allah this praise is for Allāh ﷻ, not for us. Everybody can be Awliyā’uLlāh. Whoever follows the order of Allāh ﷻ is Waliyu’Llāh. AlhamduliLlāh all of us, in shā’a Llāh, we’ll be ‘awliyā’uLlāh, all together. We are happy to see … Read more

Love and Hate for Allāh ﷻ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm: “الْحُبُّ فِي اللَّهِ وَالْبُغْضُ فِي اللَّهِ”, “Al-ḥubbu fi Llāh wa l-bughdu fi Llāh.” [Hadith]. This means love for the sake of Allāh ﷻ and also do not love for the sake of Allāh ﷻ. You cannot love all your life. It cannot be. Sometimes you love something … Read more

The Real Marriage

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Nikāḥ can be done anywhere. When there are two witnesses and one asking if they really accept to be wife and husband – with two witnesses, nikāḥ is done. They become ḥalāl for each other. Without this, nothing. Because sometimes, some people claim to do something, making the ḥalāl ḥarām and … Read more

Adab of Obeying Allāh ﷻ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm AlhamduliLlah, we reached this day, a blessed day. May Allāh ﷻ accept our du’ā’, our prayers. We are not claiming we are doing good. We are just trying to obey Allāh ‘Azza wa-Jalla. He ﷻ ordered us to pray, fast, make Zakat. All of this is His ﷻ order. And what … Read more

Ask for the Real Awakening

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Insha’Allah in this blessed night, Allāh ﷻ make His ﷻ Nur showering on us insha’Allah. Nur of Prophet ﷺ, Nur of Awliyā’ to shower us insha’Allah. You are, al-ḥamdu liLlāh, coming for the love of Allāh ﷻ, love of Prophet ﷺ. In shā’a Llāh, may Allāh ﷻ give you what you … Read more

A Night Determining a Year 

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Al-ḥamdu liLlāh we are here for the love of Allāh ﷻ, love of Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam. Al-ḥamdu liLlāh thank you for the imām and for mā shā’a Llāh, the munshid. This nashīd of Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam, and for Mawlānā Shaykh is coming from his heart. May Allāh … Read more

Steps to Be Waliyu’Llāh

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “Ṭarīqatunā ṣ-ṣuḥbah wa-l-khayru fi l-jam’iyyah.” Our Naqshbandī Shaykh, Baha’uddin Naqshbandī repeated this every ṣuḥbah. He made twelve thousand ṣuḥbahs. Ṭarīqah is to be together and to make ṣuḥbah, teaching the way of Allāh Azza wa Jalla: what Allāh Azza wa Jalla likes, what He ﷻ loves. Awliyā’u Llāh means those whom … Read more

Aʿqal

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is making the ummah to wake up, to be careful, to not be cheated. Our Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam says, “لاَ يُلْدَغُ الْمُؤْمِنُ مِنْ جُحْرٍ مَرَّتَيْنِ‏”, “Lā yuldaghu al-mu’minu min juḥrin marratayn”, “The believer is not stung from the same hole twice.” Meaning the mu’min, … Read more

The Karāmāt in Naqshbandī Ṭarīqah

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Our meeting here, al-ḥamdu liLlāh, with our Mu’min, Muslim, Mu’minat, Muslimat: all are following ṭarīqah. Some of them are Naqshbandi, some of are Qadiri, Rifa’i, Badawi, Chishti. All together are the same: going to Allāh ‘Azza wa-Jalla. This is the way of Allāh ﷻ. And the Imam Hazrat [host] said, “Awliyā’ … Read more

1st Ramadhan: Birth of Sultanul Awliya Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilaniق

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “O Naqshband of the world! Engrave my impression on your heart and imprint it in such a way that you are remembered with the title of ‘Naqshband’ (the one who engraves) till the Doomsday.” – Ghawth al-Azam Shaykh Abdul Qadir Jilaniق to Shaykh Baha’uddin Shahق [Taken from The Spiritual Guides of … Read more

Worship More in Ramaḍān, Don’t Be Cheated

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Today is holy Friday. It is the first eve of the holy month of Ramaḍān. Tomorrow is the first day. We must look at the moon. But to look at the moon – Nobody knows from where it rises and where it sets anyway. Therefore, whatever the government, Ūli l-‘Amr say, … Read more

Ṭarīqah Orders to Be Together

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Ṭarīqah is ordering to be together. This is an order for Muslims, for good people to be together because in Ākhirah they will also be together. Which in Qur’ān Aẓīmu sh-Shān He ﷻ is saying, one in Jannah with his friends, in Jannah also. People will be together; those who love … Read more

Guidance for Youngsters

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Allāh ﷻ y-zidkum ‘izzan wa sharafan. (May Allāh ﷻ increase you in glory and honor.) Masha’Allah. May Allāh ﷻ help Muslims, help us insha’Allah. Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is saying, Muslims in end of times will be many. Lots of Muslim will be around countries, cities. But what Prophet ṣallá … Read more

Two Words Take You Straight to Paradise

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is saying, “كَلِمَتَانِ خَفِيفَتَانِ عَلَى اللِّسَانِ، ثَقِيلَتَانِ فِي الْمِيزَانِ، حَبِيبَتَانِ إِلَى الرَّحْمَنِ: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ، سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ الْعَظِيمِ أسْتَغْفِرُ الله” “There are two statements that are light for the tongue to remember, heavy in the Scales and are dear to the Merciful: Subḥāna Llāh wa biḥamdī, … Read more

Never Tolerate Badness

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm This is our way. AlhamduliLlah, Allāh ﷻ is gathering us for His ﷻ love, for the love of Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam. This is very important for human beings. They are asking “Why?” Many people don’t know why Allāh ﷻ created them. And many of them even don’t believe in … Read more

Only Put Him ﷻ in Your Heart

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “أَلَا بِذِكْرِ اللَّهِ تَطْمَئِنُّ الْقُلُوبُ” (Qur’ān 13:28) “A-lā bi-dhikri llāhi taṭmainnu l-qulūb”, “Verily, in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find rest.” Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Meaning, the heart is only satisfied with mentioning Allāh ﷻ, putting Allāh ﷻ in your heart, and not knowing anything else. This makes you satisfied and … Read more

Thank Allāh ﷻ for Following this Way

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm AlhamduliLlah, we thank Allāh ﷻ that we meet again after one year. AlhamduliLlah, Allāh ﷻ gave us life. AlhamduliLlah, we are here. AlhamduliLlah, you are also in the way of Allāh ﷻ, way of Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam. This is the biggest luck, ni’mah for us, for mu’min, for believer, … Read more

Everything Must Be for Allāh ﷻ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “قُلْ إِنَّ صَلَاتِي وَنُسُكِي وَمَحْيَايَ وَمَمَاتِي لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ (162) لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ ۖ وَبِذَٰلِكَ أُمِرْتُ وَأَنَا أَوَّلُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ” (Qur’an 06:162-163) ‘Qul ‘Inna Şalātī Wa Nusukī Wa Maĥyāya Wa Mamātī Lillāh Rabbi Al-`Ālamīna (162) Lā Sharīka Lahu wa bi-dhalika Umirt wa ana awwalu l-Muslimin’, ‘Say, “Indeed, my prayer, my rites of … Read more

Winning the True Life

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “Yaqūlu Yā Laytanī Qaddamtu Liĥayātī” (Qur’ān 89:24) “He will say, ‘Oh, I wish I had sent ahead [some good] for my life’.” Sadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Mankind says, “If only I valued my life. If only my life didn’t go in vain.” When do they say this? When a person is dying, … Read more

Muslims’ Oneness Is a Big Proof

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Our Holy Prophet ﷺ is saying that Muslims are like one body. If the body of a person has pain in one part, all parts of the body become restless, they feel that pain, says our Holy Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam. Muslims are the same. Even though they are in … Read more

The Last Friday of Sha’ban

Bismillahi r-Rahmani r-Rahim Sultan ul Awliya Mawlana Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Al-Haqqani An-Naqshibandi (QS), Sohbat – 2004 Last Friday (Thursday night) of Shaban Mu’azzam. There are many tajallis (manifestations) on this night. It came down heavily on me. I kept sleeping and waking up. As my spirituality looks at the other side completely, this side gives … Read more

Consequences of Earning Haram

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm “وَيْلٌ لِلْمُطَفِّفِينَ” (Qur’an 83:01) “Waylun Lil-muţaffifīn”, “Woe to those that deal in fraud.” Ṣadaqa Llāhu l-‘Aẓīm. Allah ‘Azza wa-Jalla is telling about those who cheat in trade. There is a valley called Wail in hell. It is special for people who cheat in sales and deceive people. There is hell in … Read more

The Most Precious Gift from Allah

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 24 March 2023: For a full elaboration on these points, do watch the Sohbah here: Wa min Allah at-Tawfiq. Al-Fatiha. Our beloved Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan reunited with his true … Read more

Treasure Every Moment of Ramadhan

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In Loving Memory of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan – Ramadhan Series Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 17 March 2023: Do watch the Sohbah for the full elaboration on the points above here: Here is … Read more

First 10 Days of Mercy

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم In Loving Memory of Sheikh Muhammad Abdul Sattar Khan – Ramadhan Series Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 15 April 2021: The Holy Month of Ramadhan sees its first ten days as Allah ﷻ raining Mercy … Read more

The Importance of Sha’ban: The Month of Remembrance of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Tariqatuna as-suhbah wal-khayru fil-jam`iyya Alhamdulillah wa syukru lillah, Allah Almighty has gathered us up through the month of Rejab into the month of Sha’ban (Shahrun Nabi ﷺ). A month which the Prophet said most people neglect, between the months of Rejab and Ramadhan. This is a month in which those who are lovers … Read more

Ṭarīqah Is Īmān and Adab

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm AlhamduliLlah we are in ṭarīqah which is the heart of sharī’ah. Like anything in our body, it is the same. We cannot say sharī’ah is different and ṭarīqah is different. No. Ṭarīqah is alhamduliLlah the heart. As Prophet ṣallá Llāhu ‘alayhi wa-sallam is saying, Islām, īmān. Īmān means ṭarīqah. Without ṭarīqah, … Read more

The Holy Prophet ﷺ is Our Link to Allah ﷻ

Bismi Llāhi r-Raḥmāni r-Raḥīm Sha’ban Al-Mu’azzam, the holy month belonging to our Prophet ﷺ, is of symbolic value, being between Rejab, month of Allah ﷻ and Ramadhan, month of the Ummah. Sha’ban is the link, a celebration of the impeccable adab (prescribed Islamic etiquette) that can bring creation (people) to their Creator. Just as a … Read more

Why Sahoor is So Important

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Here is a short synopsis of a Sohbah given by Almarhum Sheikh Abdul Sattar Khan on 31 March 2023: (78) أَقِمِ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ لِدُلُوكِ ٱلشَّمْسِ إِلَىٰ غَسَقِ ٱلَّيْلِ وَقُرْءَانَ ٱلْفَجْرِۖ إِنَّ قُرْءَانَ ٱلْفَجْرِ كَانَ مَشْهُودًا (78) Establish prayer at the decline of the sun [from its meridian] … Read more

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